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Process

"The quality of a product is largely determined by the quality of the process that is used to develop and maintain it."

             -- based on TQM principles as taught by Shewhart, Juran, Deming and Humphrey.

What is process ?

  • A process is a set of practices performed to achieve a given purpose; it may include tools, methods, materials, and/or people.
  • While process is often described as a leg of the process-people-technology triad, it may also be considered the "glue" that unifies the other aspects.

Why Focus on Process ?

Process provides a constructive, high-leverage focus...

  • as opposed to a focus on people
    • Your work force, on the average, is as "good" as it is trained to be.
    • Working harder is not the answer.
    • Working smarter, through process, is the answer.
  • as opposed to a focus on technology
    • Technology applied without a suitable roadmap will not result in significant payoff.
    • Technology provides the most benefit in the context of an appropriate process roadmap.

How to use process?

Defined process (document) should serve as a ready reference guide for the process executor.
Software process should be continuously reviewed to assess its effectiveness and improved to allow better control and software quality.

Following figure can be used to illustrate the process infrastructure:

The process infrastructure consists of policies, processes, and docu- ments such as guidelines and checklists. Policies are statements at the highest level of abstraction that are implemented by processes. The processes themselves are supported by guidelines, checklists, templates, and other documents that provide further details about steps or activities in the process.
Within the process support infrastructure, the process database and the process capability baseline play key roles in project planning. These two components provide metrics and other information about the use of processes on projects.

See our ETVX (Entry, Task, Verification, and eXit) style based process definition template.
For more process assets, please visit BeyondTest Process Assets Library ...

What are the process movement stages?

For each process improvement, four stages are suggested, which can be illustrated as following diagram:


  • Understanding stage
    • Objective: Prepare to define the process documents.
    • Activities: Provide training sessions to discuss the Process Areas.
    • Objective: Define the process documents.
    • Activities: Hold working groups meetings for each process document.
    • Objective: Pilot the defined processes.
    • Activities: Deliver all the processes together for pilot use.
    • Objective: Approve the processes and put them into practice.
    • Activities: Plan and track the implementation of all the processes.
-- Come from book: CMM Implementation Guide - Choreographing Software Process Improvement

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White papers & Articles

Patrick O'Toole, Dos and Don'ts of Software Process Improvement , Process Assessment, Consulting & Training

Software Engineering Institute, Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), Version 1.1, CMMI for Systems Engineering and Software Engineering (CMMI-SE/SW, V1.1), Staged Representation , Carnegie Mellon University, CMMI/SEI-2002-TR-002, December 2001

Software Engineering Institute, Standard CMMI Appraisal Method for Process Improvement (SCAMPISM), Version 1.1: Method Definition Document , CMMI Product Development Team, Carnegie Mellon University, CMU/SEI-2001-HB-001

Software Engineering Institute, IDEAL: A Users Guide for Software Process Improvement , Handbook CMU/SEI-96-HB-001

Software Engineering Institute, Capability Maturity Model for Software, Version 1.1 , Technical Report CMU/SEI-93-TR-024

United States Department of Energy Albuquerque Operations Office, Planning for a Software Process Assessment , Quality Report SQAS95-001

Process Group, PRACTICAL PROCESS IMPROVEMENT PLANNING , www.processgroup.com/newsletter.htm

Alan S. Koch, Can We Afford Software Process? , http://www.askprocess.com/

Timo Kaltio, Software Process Asset Management and Deployment in a Multi-Site Organization , PhD dissertation

A Business Case for Software Process Improvement Revised

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Good Books

CMMI Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement
Published by: Addison-Wesley

To enhance and ease CMMI adoption, this book provides a single source for all CMMI model information—the equivalent of the entire set of CMMI models. Readers can get started without having to select a model first—all of the options are compiled into one book and explained in detail. Both the staged and continuous representations are described so that readers will more clearly see the similarities and differences between the two representations and will be able to choose the right approach for their organization

The book begins with background information needed to understand the content and structure of these integrated models and how to use them. A case study illustrates their implementation in a real environment. A variety of practical material, such as a glossary and index, is also provided. The bulk of the book comprises the content of all CMMI models, covering the 25 process areas (PAs) that are facets of the product life cycle, including detailed best practices.

Whether you are new to CMMI or not, this book is an essential resource for managers, practitioners, and process improvement team members who need to understand, evaluate, and/or implement a CMMI model. The ultimate objective of CMMI is integrating processes to improve products; this book contains everything you need to get that done.



CMMI Distilled: A Practical Introduction to Integrated Process Improvement, Second Edition
Published by: Addison-Wesley

This new edition of CMMI Distilled, updated for CMMI version 1.1, includes more material in layman's language to meet a wider variety of readers' needs, but has not lost any of the technical content that made the first edition so successful. Written for those new to model-based process improvement, it also offers insights that can help even battle-scarred process improvement veterans and experienced systems, software and quality engineers perform better. This book is especially appropriate for executives and managers who need to understand why process improvement is valuable, why CMMI is a tool of choice, and how to maximize the return on their efforts and investments.



CMMI SCAMPI Distilled: Appraisals for Process Improvement
Published by: Addison-Wesley

The Standard CMMI Appraisal Method for Process Improvement (SCAMPI) is an invaluable tool for organizations seeking to drive quantifiable improvements in systems and software engineering. SCAMPI appraisals can help those organizations identify the strengths and weaknesses of their current processes, reveal crucial development and acquisition risks, set priorities for improvement plans, derive capability and maturity level ratings, and even perform realistic benchmarking. These appraisals are rapidly becoming a core criterion in awarding major government and defense contracts. Thousands of professionals in all sectors are being called upon to participate in them for the first time.

The authors outline the role of appraisals as part of a comprehensive, state-of-the-art approach to process improvement, showing how SCAMPI integrates with quality initiatives, international standards, and other CMMI models and methods. They introduce SCAMPI Class A, B, and C, as well as SCAMPI modes for process improvement, supplier selection, and process monitoring. They guide the reader through the entire appraisal process: preparation; on-site activities; preliminary observations, findings, and ratings; final reporting; and follow-on activities. The authors also address crucial management issues faced by organizations involved with appraisals. Coverage includes: leveraging appraisals in organizations with immature processes; conducting cross-discipline appraisals; performing appraisals concurrently with other quality initiatives; and responding to customer-driven needs.

Whether you're a manager, team leader, acquisition specialist, quality specialist, or appraiser, this book will help you use SCAMPI to achieve your real goals: dramatically improved processes and better systems and software with fewer defects.



Process Assessment and Improvement A practical guide for managers, quality professionals and assessors
By: Han van Loon
Published by: Springer

This book provides the reader with a powerful and practical approach to improving their organization through process assessment, combined with people factors such as organizational culture and team based improvement.

The book covers practical implementation aspects of process assessment and improvement, complementing the detailed reference material in the Reference Book that is focused on describing the standard.

The book covers the three major business reasons for process assessment including setting Target Profiles, Process Capability Determination and Process Improvement in chapters 2 to 5. The book provides powerful figures on the costs of poor quality, and the benefits of improvement for organizations involved in software and IT.

The book provides comprehensive improvement programmes and also agile improvement methodologies, grounded in successful practices that have been employed in world class organizations.

Chapters 6 to 8 provide assessors with a standard assessment method and variants, plus how to rate a process up to ISO/IEC 15504 capability level 5.

Chapter 9 describes industry experience using the standard. Useful examples, templates and tools are provided in Annexes.



Software Process Improvement, Practical Guidelines for Business Success
By: Zahran, S.,
Published by: Addison-Wesley

This book will help you to manage and control the quality of your organizationis software products. Continually dealing with the problems caused by software defects can be both time-consuming and demanding but Sami Zahranis pragmatic approach will take you from reactive fire-fighting to a preventative culture of disciplined and continuous process improvement.

This book will help you:
  • establish a process-focused software development organization
  • design and implement procedures for developing quality software in time and within budget
  • benchmark your organization against the industry standards for the software process, including the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), ISO 9001, the new standard ISO/IEC 15504 (originally known as SPICE) and Bootstrap.


Elements of Software Process Assessment & Improvement
By: Khaled El Emam, Nazim H. Madhavji,

Elements of Software Process Assessment and Improvement reviews current assessment practices, experiences, and new research trends in software process improvement. The newly revised chapters are expanded from articles that appeared in SPN, The Software Process Newsletter of the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Software Engineering (TCSE).

This book describes in detail the process improvement cycle, including diagnosing an organization, establishing a business case, changing elements within a process, and evaluating the impact of these changes. These elements are divided into four parts providing a comprehensive view of the software process improvement field. The first part describes contemporary models that are used to evaluate an organization's processes and capabilities. The next covers the business case for assessment and improvement by providing ample evidence that demonstrates possible improvements as well as evidence of assessment reliability. Part three provides application guidance covering critical success factors including tools and techniques. The final portion covers important and exciting developments that enhance process improvement tools and the reader's understanding of organizational processes in practice.

These four elements answer the needs of individuals involved in software process improvement as well as those involved in basic and applied research. Elements of Software Process Assessment and Improvement is an invaluable source of practical information for software process professionals.



CMM Implementation Guide: Choreographing Software Process Improvement
By: Kim Caputo,
Published by: Addison-Wesley, Hardcover, Bk&CD; edition, Published April 1998, 319 pages, ISBN 0201379384

This book provides many thought-provoking ideas that are intended to help you be more effective in your software process improvement efforts. This book takes Humphrey's Managing the Software Process, Fowler and Rifkin's Software Engineering Process Group Guide, and Software Engineering Institute's Capability Maturity Model® to a higher level of abstraction, a deeper level of understanding, and a broader level of application to build a foundation for a disciplined approach to software process improvement.

The goals of this book are as follows:

  • To help SEPGs understand the image of successful improvement as represented by the guidelines in the Capability Maturity Model® for Software (CMM®) and explain concepts in insightful ways that will help you to make sense of what to do.
  • To help SEPGs work as partners with their customers (the people in the software organizations: the managers and project teams).
  • To help SEPGs understand how to drive and facilitate process improvement efforts to implement processes that their organizations are willing to accept and follow.
  • To provide tools and techniques for SEPGs to use for driving and facilitating process improvements that lead to successful implementation efforts.
  • To provide encouragement for starting and continuously optimizing software process improvement efforts.

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Wonderful web resources

SPICE

Software Process Improvement and Capability dEtermination



ISCN

Collaborative Work Forces in Europe Developing Innovative Process Improvement, E-Work, E-Learning, and E-Skills Solutions: ISCN has established a dissemination platform with workshops and conferences in different European cities since 1994. Since 1998 this initiave is supported by large Scandinavian resaerch institutions, QinetiQ as Europe's largest research centre, the American Society for Quality, and a large German software quality association.

102 peer reviewed and well elaborated experience reports from 25 different countries and leading firms across the world are available at this site.
From 2001 onwards the EuroSPI proceedings are no more freely available and can be accessed on the basis of an annual fee. For more information you can connect to the EuroSPI - EXPERIENCE LIBRARY with 170 well elaborated and peer reviewed experience reports.


MSF for CMMI Process Improvement

Microsoft contributes MSF as the solution for process improvement.

Microsoft Operations Framework (MOF)

The Microsoft Operations Framework (MOF) provides operational guidance that enables organizations to achieve mission-critical system reliability, availability, supportability, and manageability of Microsoft products and technologies. With MOF guidance, you'll be able to assess your current IT service management maturity, prioritize your processes of greatest concern, and apply proven principles and best practices to optimize your management of the Windows Server platform.


Kasse Initiatives, LLC

Kasse Initiatives offers the downloads from various tutorials and presentations free of charge.


The San Antonio Software Process Improvement Network (SASPIN)

The San Antonio Software Process Improvement Network (SASPIN) is a communication forum established for the free and open exchange of software process improvement experiences and practical ideas. The SASPIN is a leadership forum that promotes continuous software process improvement through an active program of networking, presentation and publication, recognition of excellence, technology awareness, and mutual support. The SASPIN is an open forum for anyone interested in improving software process.


Brad Appleton's Software Process Links


Process Impact

Process Impact focuses on practical software process improvement. The mission is to collaborate with clients to have an impact on the processes their software organizations use, and to help those processes have an impact on the business. They apply established process improvement models and approaches in a non-dogmatic, sensible way that fits the culture and needs of each organization. Areas of expertise include requirements engineering, risk management, software peer reviews, project management, metrics, and process assessment.

Software Technology, Process & People, Inc.

They provide:

  • Personal/Team Software Process(SM) teaching and consulting (PSP)
  • Capability Maturity Mode(R) support (CMM)
  • Light weight business focused assessments
  • Formal inspections
  • Software risk assessment and management
  • Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(C) (MBTI)
  • Teamwork facilitation
  • Software engineering with Ada, Java, VB
  • Software requirements and design using UML

PS&J; Software Six Sigma

Measurable, Managed Process Improvement Structured to Meet Business Goals

Process improvement sources from http://www.laatuk.com/books/process_improvemen_sources.html

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Last modified 2006-06-14 10:44 AM
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